--- Bat and Avian Species ---

When discussing the risks that wind turbines can pose for wildlife, it is necessary to access impacts on bat and (avian) species.  Because turbines stand so tall, flying species are the only ones that experience any significant impacts on their habitats.  Turbines can affect these species in a variety of ways, including causing direct collisions with turbine blades, disruption of migratory patterns, or injuries from the altered wind and air pressures.

 Not all of these alterations will result in fatalities.  However, any injury could be detrimental or an individual or a population.  Furthermore, threatened and endangered species are of a special concern, because even small increases in mortality can put these species at increased risk of eradication.  Due to the high concern for these species, a list of them will be provided in Section V. 

Variables such as flight altitude and migration patterns play a huge role in influencing the possible impacts on bat and avian species.  Some species may be more likely to see mortality rates rise because of wind turbines simply because they use a specific area of air space more than other species.  Such variables are common to both bat and avian species.

Special concern has already been given to bat species due to the fact that their numbers are already experiencing sharp declines in light of the emerging disease, white nose syndrome.  This, as well as the bat’s natural weakness to inclement weather, put it at especial risk from the presence of wind turbines.  However, the extent of this influence is still debated amongst different groups and experts.  

Our discussion of the impacts on bat and avian species will proceed in the following format:

I.               Mortality Rates:  Cumulative Estimates on the Impacts to Bat and Avian Species

II.             The Final Report on Bat and Avian Studies (Supplementary Environmental Impact Statement)

III.           Wind Energy Guidelines:  Fish and Wildlife Service

IV.            Interactions with Bat and Avian Species:  Turbine and Wildlife Relationships

V.              Species of Special Concern in the Cape Vincent Area

VI.            Avoidance:  Methods to Reduce Risk